每天坚持半小时英文听力训练，听力能力快速提升的秘诀

名词挑战; 质疑; 盘问; 怀疑

及物动词质疑; 向…挑战

不及物动词提出挑战，要求竞赛（或竞争）; 驳斥

1. 挑战;难题
A challenge is something new and difficult which requires great effort and determination.

e.g. I like a big challenge and they don't come much bigger than this...
我喜欢大的挑战，而所有挑战中再没有比这更大的了。
e.g. The new government's first challenge is the economy.
新政府面临的第一个难题是经济问题。

2. (成功地)应对挑战，迎接挑战
If someone rises to the challenge, they act in response to a difficult situation which is new to them and are successful.

e.g. The new Germany must rise to the challenge of its enhanced responsibilities...
一个崭新的德国必须迎接挑战，承担更多的责任。
e.g. They rose to the challenge of entertaining 80 schoolchildren for an afternoon.
他们一个下午成功接待了80名学童。

3. (对真实性、价值、权威等提出的)怀疑，质疑
A challenge to something is a questioning of its truth or value. A challenge to someone is a questioning of their authority.

e.g. The demonstrators have now made a direct challenge to the authority of the government.
示威者现在直接对政府的权威发出了质疑。

4. 怀疑，质疑(真实性、价值、权威等)
If you challenge ideas or people, you question their truth, value, or authority.

e.g. Democratic leaders have challenged the president to sign the bill...
民主党领袖对总统签署这项法案提出了质疑。
e.g. The move was immediately challenged by two of the republics...
此项动议立即遭到其中两个共和国的反对。

5. 挑战；向…下战书
If you challenge someone, you invite them to fight or compete with you in some way.

e.g. A mum slashed a neighbour's car tyre and challenged her to a fight after their daughters fell out...
两家的女儿吵起来后，一个妈妈划破了邻居的车胎，说要和她较量较量。
e.g. He left a note at the scene of the crime, challenging detectives to catch him...
他在犯罪现场留了个条儿，向警探挑衅。

6. (警卫)盘问，查问
If someone is challenged by a guard, they are ordered to stop and say who they are or why they are there.

e.g. The men apparently opened fire after they were challenged by a patrol.
显然，那些人是在受到一支巡逻队的盘问后开的火。

7. see also: challenged
see also: challenging

名词信心; 信任; 秘密

形容词骗得信任的; 欺诈的

1. 信任;信赖
If you have confidence in someone, you feel that you can trust them.

e.g. I have every confidence in you...
我完全相信你。
e.g. This has contributed to the lack of confidence in the police...
这导致了大家对警方缺乏信任。

2. 自信;信心
If you have confidence, you feel sure about your abilities, qualities, or ideas.

e.g. The band is on excellent form and brimming with confidence...
这支乐队状态极佳，自信满满。
e.g. I always thought the worst of myself and had no confidence whatsoever.
我老是妄自菲薄，没有一点儿信心。

3. 肯定;把握
If you can say something with confidence, you feel certain it is correct.

e.g. I can say with confidence that such rumors were totally groundless.
我可以肯定地说这样的谣言完全没有根据。

4. 私下;秘密
If you tell someone something in confidence, you tell them a secret.

e.g. We told you all these things in confidence...
我们告诉你的这些事都需要保密。
e.g. Even telling Lois seemed a betrayal of confidence.
即使是告诉洛伊丝都好像是在泄密。

5. 秘密;知心话
A confidence is a secret that you tell someone.

e.g. Gregory shared confidences with Carmen.
格雷戈里和卡门说了知心话。

6. see also: vote of no confidence

动词庆祝; 祝贺; 举行宗教庆典; 歌颂

1. 庆祝
If you celebrate, you do something enjoyable because of a special occasion or to mark someone's success.

e.g. I was in a mood to celebrate...
我很想庆祝一下。
e.g. Tom celebrated his 24th birthday two days ago.
汤姆两天前庆祝了他的24岁生日。

2. 成立(…年);庆祝(周年)
If an organization or country is celebrating an anniversary, it has existed for that length of time and is doing something special because of it.

e.g. The Society is celebrating its tenth anniversary this year.
这个协会今年将举办成立10周年庆典。

3. 主持(圣餐或弥撒)
When priests celebrate Holy Communion or Mass, they officially perform the actions and ceremonies that are involved.

e.g. Pope John Paul celebrated mass today in a city in central Poland.
教皇保罗二世今天在波兰中部的一个城市主持了弥撒。

名词混乱; 混淆; 困惑

1. (尤指因想法不同造成的)困惑，不明确
If there is confusion about something, it is not clear what the true situation is, especially because people believe different things.

e.g. There's still confusion about the number of casualties...
伤亡人数依然不明。
e.g. Omissions in my recent article must have caused confusion.
我最近一篇文章中的几处省略肯定造成了困惑。

2. (尤指因很多事情同时发生造成的)混乱局面，骚乱
Confusion is a situation in which everything is in disorder, especially because there are lots of things happening at the same time.

e.g. There was confusion when a man fired shots...
一个男子开了几枪，场面一片混乱。
e.g. The rebel leader appears to have escaped in the confusion.
叛乱分子首领似乎已乘乱逃脱。

3. 困惑;不知所措
If your mind is in a state of confusion, you do not know what to believe or what you should do.

e.g. We always left his office in a state of confusion.
我们总是一头雾水地离开他的办公室。
e.g. ...the pressures and confusions of puberty.
青春期的种种压力和困惑

4. see also: confuse

名词语境; 上下文; 背景; 环境

1. (想法、事件等的)背景，环境
The context of an idea or event is the general situation that relates to it, and which helps it to be understood.

e.g. We are doing this work in the context of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.
我们是在对经济、社会、文化诸领域进行改革的背景下从事这项工作的。
e.g. ...the historical context in which Chaucer wrote...
乔叟写作的历史背景

2. 上下文;语境
The context of a word, sentence, or text consists of the words, sentences, or text before and after it which help to make its meaning clear.

e.g. Without a context, I would have assumed it was written by a man.
如果没有上下文，我会以为这是出自一名男子笔下。

3. 在上下文中;置于背景之下
If something is seen in context or if it is put into context, it is considered together with all the factors that relate to it.

e.g. Taxation is not popular in principle, merely acceptable in context...
征税基本上是不受欢迎的，在一定情境中才勉强为人接受。
e.g. It is important that we put Jesus into the context of history.
我们将耶稣置于历史环境中来看是很重要的。

4. 脱离上下文;断章取义地
If a statement or remark is quoted out of context, the circumstances in which it was said are not correctly reported, so that it seems to mean something different from the meaning that was intended.

e.g. Thomas says that he has been taken out of context on the issue...
托马斯说，在这个问题上他的话被断章取义了。
e.g. Quotes can be manipulated and used out of context.
引语可能会被篡改，使用时断章取义。

名词环境，外界; 周围，围绕; 工作平台; （运行）环境

1. 生活环境；周围状况
Someone's environment is all the circumstances, people, things, and events around them that influence their life.

e.g. Pupils in our schools are taught in a safe, secure environment...
我们学校的学生在安全无虑的环境中接受教育。
e.g. The moral characters of men are formed not by heredity but by environment...
人的道德品质不是遗传的，而是由环境塑造而成。

2. 生存环境；特定自然环境
Your environment consists of the particular natural surroundings in which you live or exist, considered in relation to their physical characteristics or weather conditions.

e.g. If our environment cools, then messages from the skin alert the body's thermostat.
如果外在环境变冷，体表会将这一信息传递给身体的体温调节中枢。
e.g. ...the maintenance of a safe environment for marine mammals.
为海洋哺乳动物维持安全的生存环境

3. 自然环境;生态环境
The environment is the natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals.

e.g. ...Conservative spokesman on the environment.
保守党有关自然环境问题的发言人
e.g. ...persuading people to respect the environment.
劝告人们保护生态环境

名词公园; 花园，菜园; 供应点心的露天设施; 大型公共礼堂

及物动词造园，开辟（一小片土地）作为花园; 以花园装饰

不及物动词从事园艺

形容词花园的，园艺的; 普通的，平凡的

1. （住宅旁的）花园，菜园，庭园，园子（美国英语中表示此义时常用yard，而garden仅用来指花园和菜园）
In British English, a garden is a piece of land next to a house, with flowers, vegetables, other plants, and often grass. In American English, the usual word is yard, and a garden refers only to land which is used for growing flowers and vegetables.

e.g. ...the most beautiful garden on Earth.
世界上最漂亮的花园

2. 干园艺活；种植花木
If you garden, you do work in your garden such as weeding or planting.

e.g. Jim gardened at the homes of friends on weekends.
吉姆周末帮忙打理朋友家的花园。

名词旅行，旅程行期; 历程，过程

不及物动词旅行，出游

及物动词在…旅行或旅行到过…

1. 旅行；行程
When you make a journey, you travel from one place to another.

e.g. There is an express service from Paris which completes the journey to Bordeaux in under 4 hours.
从巴黎有快车前往波尔多，全程不到4个小时。

2. （心灵的）历程
You can refer to a person's experience of changing or developing from one state of mind to another as a journey.

e.g. How do we go about embarking on this 'inner journey' to understand ourselves?...
我们该如何开始这个“心灵历程”来了解自己呢？
e.g. My films try to describe a journey of discovery, both for myself and the watcher.
我的电影试图为我自己也为观众描述一个自我发现的心灵之旅。

3. 旅行
If you journey somewhere, you travel there.

e.g. In February 1935, Naomi journeyed to the United States for the first time...
1935年2月，娜奥米第一次来到美国旅行。
e.g. She has journeyed on horseback through Africa and Turkey.
她骑马游历了非洲和土耳其。

名词水平，水准; 水平线，水平面; 水平仪; [物]电平

形容词水平的; 同高度的; 平均的; 平稳的

及物动词使同等; 对准; 弄平

不及物动词拉平; （用枪等）瞄准（与 at 连用）; 变得平坦; 将（话、批评等）对准目标

不及物动词瞄准; 拉平; 变得平坦

名词进步; 前进; [生物学]进化; （向更高方向）增长

动词发展; （使）进步，（使）进行; 促进

不及物动词发展; （向更高方向）增进

名词报酬; 报答; 赏金; 酬金

及物动词酬谢，奖赏; 报答，惩罚

1. 奖励;奖赏
A reward is something that you are given, for example because you have behaved well, worked hard, or provided a service to the community.

e.g. A bonus of up to 5 per cent can be added to a pupil's final exam marks as a reward for good spelling, punctuation and grammar...
小学生期末考试的分数最多可以加5分，作为对其拼写、标点和语法正确的奖励。
e.g. He was given the job as a reward for running a successful leadership bid.
因为成功组织了领导职位竞选活动，他得到了这份工作。

2. 赏金;赏格
A reward is a sum of money offered to anyone who can give information about lost or stolen property or about someone who is wanted by the police.

e.g. The firm last night offered a ￡10,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of the killer.
昨晚这家公司悬赏 1万英镑，寻找能将凶手定罪的证据。

3. 奖赏;奖励;酬谢
If you do something and are rewarded with a particular benefit, you receive that benefit as a result of doing that thing.

e.g. Make the extra effort to impress the buyer and you will be rewarded with a quicker sale.
多用心去打动顾客，货物就会更快售出。

4. 报答;回报;酬谢
The rewards of something are the benefits that you receive as a result of doing or having that thing.

e.g. The company is only just starting to reap the rewards of long-term investments...
这家公司才刚刚开始收获长期投资的回报。
e.g. Potentially high financial rewards are attached to senior hospital posts.
当上医院的高级职员就有可能享受丰厚的经济报酬。

5. 值得（付出时间或精力）
If you say that something rewards your attention or effort, you mean that it is worth spending time or effort on it.

e.g. The compression and density make this a difficult book to read, but it richly rewards the effort.
这本书内容丰富，思想深刻，很难读懂，但是非常值得一读。

名词技术; 技巧; 技能; 技艺

1. 技巧;方法;工艺
A technique is a particular method of doing an activity, usually a method that involves practical skills.

e.g. ...tests performed using a new technique.
用新技术进行的试验

2. (艺术、体育等方面的)技艺，技法，技能
Technique is skill and ability in an artistic, sporting, or other practical activity that you develop through training and practice.

e.g. He went off to the Amsterdam Academy to improve his technique.
他动身前往阿姆斯特丹学院去进修技艺。

名词科技（总称）; 工业技术; 工艺学; [总称]术语

1. 科技;工艺;技术
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.

e.g. Technology is changing fast...
科技日新月异。
e.g. They should be allowed to wait for cheaper technologies to be developed.
应该允许他们等到更廉价的技术被开发出来。

名词写作; 文字; 文章; 笔迹

动词写信; 写（ write的现在分词）

1. (写下或印出的)文字
Writing is something that has been written or printed.

e.g. 'It's from a notebook,' the sheriff said, 'And there's writing on it.'...
“这是在一个笔记本里找到的，”法官道，“上面还有文字。”
e.g. If you have a complaint about your holiday, please inform us in writing.
如果您对您的假日有什么意见，请书面告知我们。

2. (尤指评论语言风格时的)文字作品，文章
You can refer to any piece of written work as writing, especially when you are considering the style of language used in it.

e.g. The writing is brutally tough and savagely humorous...
该作品带有残酷的强悍和野性的幽默感。
e.g. It was such a brilliant piece of writing.
这真是一篇才华横溢的文章。

3. (尤指为赚取稿费而进行的)写作
Writing is the activity of writing, especially of writing books for money.

e.g. She had begun to be a little bored with novel writing.
她开始对写小说有些厌倦了。
e.g. ...activities to help prepare children for writing.
帮助孩子准备写作的活动

4. 笔迹;字迹;书写
Your writing is the way that you write with a pen or pencil, which can usually be recognized as belonging to you.

e.g. It was a little difficult to read your writing...
你写的字有点不好认。
e.g. I think it's due to being left handed that he's got terrible writing.
我想他的书写这么糟糕是因为他是左撇子。

5. (尤指某一作者有关某一专题的全部)著作，作品
An author's writings are all the things that he or she has written, especially on a particular subject.

e.g. Althusser's writings are focused mainly on France...
阿尔都塞的著作主要是论述法国的。
e.g. The pieces he is reading are adapted from the writings of Michael Frayn.
他目前阅读的作品改编自迈克尔·弗雷恩的著作。

6. 凶兆毕现；有大难临头的预兆
If you say that the writing is on the wall, you mean that there are clear signs that a situation is going to become very difficult or unpleasant.

e.g. The writing is clearly on the wall. If we do nothing about it, we shall only have ourselves to blame.
凶兆显而易见。如果我们对此毫无行动，就只能怨自己了。

名词浓度; 连贯; 符合; 前后一致

1. 连贯性;一致性
Consistency is the quality or condition of being consistent.

e.g. He scores goals with remarkable consistency...
他的进球一气呵成。
e.g. There's always a lack of consistency in matters of foreign policy.
外交政策总是缺乏连贯性。

2. 稠度;平滑度
The consistency of a substance is how thick or smooth it is.

e.g. Dilute the paint with water until it is the consistency of milk...
用水把涂料稀释到牛奶般的稠度。
e.g. I added a little milk to mix the dough to the right consistency.
我加了一点儿牛奶，好让面团稠度适中。