三个杠杆让全球贫困在我们一代可被消除

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I've been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years and I want to share a field perspective with you on global poverty. I believe that the greatest failure of the human race is the fact that we've left more than one billion of our members behind. Hunger, extreme poverty. These often seem like gigantic, insurmountable problems, too big to solve. But as a field practitioner, I believe these are actually very solvable problems if we just take the right strategies. Our comedies was an ancient Greek thinker and he taught us that we lean on the right levers we can move the world. In the fight against extreme poverty, I believe there are three powerful levers that we can lean on. This talk is all about those levers and why they make poverty a winnable fight in our lifetimes.

What is extreme poverty? When I first moved to rural East Africa, I stayed overnight with a farm family. They were wonderful people. They invited me into their home. We sang songs together. They made a simple dinner. They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor. In the morning, however, there was nothing to eat. And then at lunchtime, I watched with an increasingly sick feeling as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as a substitute for lunch. With that meal, every child drank one cup to survive. And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt when they handed one of those cups to me and I knew I had to accept their hospitality. Children need food not only to survive, but also to grow physically and mentally. Every day they fail to eat, they lose a little bit of their future. Amongst the extreme poor, one in three children are permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough. And that's combined with poor access to healthcare when in ten extremely poor children die before they reach age five. And only one quarter of children complete high school because they lack school fees. Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way. We see ourselves as a thinking, feeling, and moral human race. But until we saw these problems for all of our members, we failed that standard. Because every person on this planet matters. This child matters. These children matter. This girl matters. You know, we see things like this and we're upset by them. But they seem to have such big problems. We don't know how to take effective action. But remember our friend Archimedes. Global poverty has powerful levers. It's a problem like any other. I live and work in the field and as a practitioner, I believe these are very solvable problems. So for the next ten minutes, let's not be sad about the state of the world. Let's engage our brains. Let's engage our collective passion for problem solving and figure out what those levers are.

Lever number one. Most of the world's poor are farmers. Think about how extraordinary this is. If this picture represents the world's poor, then more than half engaged in farming as a major source of income. This gets me really excited. You know, all of these people, one profession. Think how powerful this is when farmers become more productive than more than half the world's poor earn more money and climb out of poverty. And it gets better. The product of farming is of course food. So when farmers become more productive, they earn more food and they don't just help themselves, but they help to feed healthy communities and thriving economies. And when farmers become more productive, they reduce environmental pressure. We only have two ways we can feed the world. We can either make our existing farmland a lot more productive or we can clear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland, which is environmentally disastrous. Farmers are basically a really important leverage point. When farmers become more productive, they earn more income, they climb out of poverty, they feed their communities, and they reduce environmental land pressure. Farmers stand at the center of the world. Not a farmer like this one, but rather this lady. Most of the farmers I know are actually women. Look at the strength and the will of radiating from this woman. She is physically strong, mentally tough, and she will do whatever it takes to earn a better life for her children. If we're going to put the future of humanity in one person's hands, then I'm really glad it's her. There's just one problem. Many small holder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge. Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year, they plant it in the ground, and they till it with a manual hand hoe. These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age, and it's why many farmers are still very poor.

But good news, again, lever number two. Humanity actually solved the problem of agricultural poverty a century ago. Let me walk you through the three most basic factors in farming. First, hybrid seed is created when you cross two seeds together. If you naturally pollinate a high yielding variety together with a drought resistant variety, you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents. Next, conventional fertilizer if used responsibly is environmentally sustainable. If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer to a plant that's taller than I am, you unlock enormous yield gain. These are known as farm inputs. Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice. When you space your seeds and plant with massive amounts of compost, farmers multiply their harvests. These proven tools and practices have more than triple agricultural productivity in every major region of the world, moving mass numbers of people out of poverty. We just haven't finished delivering things to everybody just yet, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. So overall this is amazing news. Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago. In theory, we just haven't delivered these things to everybody just yet. In this century, the reason that people remain poor is because maybe they live in remote places. They lack access to these things. Therefore, ending poverty is simply a matter of delivering proven goods and services to people. We don't need more genius types right now. The humble delivery guy is going to end global poverty in our lifetime.

So these are the three levers. And the most powerful lever is simply delivery. Wherever the world's companies, governments and nonprofits set up delivery networks for life-improving goods, we eliminate poverty. Okay, so that sounds really nice in theory. But what about in practice? What do these delivery networks look like? Well, I want to share the concrete example that I know best by organization, Oneaker Fund. We only serve the farmer and our job is to provide her with the tools that she needs to succeed. We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places. Now this may appear initially very challenging, but it's pretty possible. Let me show you. We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmer network and store it in 20 warehouses like this. Then, during input delivery, we rent hundreds of 10 ton trucks and send them out to where farmers are waiting in the field. They then get their individual orders and walk at home to their farms. It's kind of like Amazon for rural farmers. Importantly, realistic delivery also includes finance, a way to pay. Farmers pay us little by little over time, covering most of our expenses. And then we surround all that with training. Our rural field officers deliver practical hands-on training to farmers in the field every two weeks. Wherever we deliver our services, farmers use these tools to climb out of poverty. This is a farmer in our program, Consolata. Look at the pride on her face. She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is the human right of every hardworking person on the planet. Today I'm proud to say that we're serving about 400,000 farmers like Consolata. The key to doing this is scalable delivery.

In any given area, we hire a rural field officer who delivers our services to 200 farmers on average with more than 1,000 people living in those families. Today we have 2,000 of these rural field officers growing very quickly. This is our delivery army. And we're just one organization. There are many companies, governments, and nonprofits that have delivery armies just like this. And I believe we stand at a moment in time where collectively we are capable of delivering farm services to all farmers. Let me show you how possible this is. This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa with a map of the United States for scale. I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge delivery territory. It's very challenging. But we analyzed every 50 mile by 50 mile block on the continent. And we found that half of farmers live in just these shaded regions. Well, that's a remarkably small area overall. If you were to lay these boxes next to each other within a map of the United States, they would only cover the Eastern United States. Well, you can order pizza anywhere in this territory, and it will arrive at your house hot, fresh, and delicious. If America can deliver pizza to an area of this size, then Africa's companies, governments, and nonprofits can deliver farm services to all of her farmers. This is possible.

I'm going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming. In every field of human development, humanity has already invented effective tools to end poverty. We just need to deliver them. So again, in every area of human development, super smart people a long time ago invented inexpensive, highly effective tools. Humanity is armed to the teeth with simple, effective solutions to poverty. We just need to deliver these to a pretty small area. When using the map of Sub-Saharan Africa as an example, remember that rural poverty is concentrated in these blue shaded areas. Urban poverty is even more concentrated in these green little dots. Again using a map of the United States for scale, this is what I would call a highly achievable delivery zone. In fact, for the first time in human history, we have a vast amount of delivery infrastructure available to us. The world's companies, governments, and nonprofits have delivery armies that are fully capable of covering this relatively small area. We just lack the will. If we are willing, every one of us has a role to play. We first need more people to pursue careers in human development. Especially if you live in developing nation, we need more frontline health workers, teachers, farmer trainers, sales agents for life-improving goods. These are the delivery people that dedicate their careers to improving the lives of others. We also need a lot of support roles. These are roles available at just my organization alone, and we're just one out of many. This may surprise you, but no matter what your technical specialty, there is a role for you in this fight. And no matter how logistically possible it is to end poverty, we need a lot more resources. This is our number one constraint. For private investors, we need a big expansion, a venture capital, private equity, working capital available in emerging markets. But there also limits to what private business can accomplish. Private businesses often struggle to profitably serve the extreme poor. So philanthropy still has a major role to play. Anybody can give, but we need more leadership. We need more visionary philanthropists and global leaders who will take problems in human development and lead humanity to wipe them off the face of the planet.

If you're interested in these ideas, check out this website. We need more leaders. Humanity has put people on the moon. We've invented super computers that fit into our pockets and connect us with anybody in the planet. We've run marathons at a five minute mile pace. We are an exceptional people. But we've left more than one billion of our members behind. Until every girl like this one has an opportunity to earn her full human potential, we have failed to become a truly moral and just human race. Logistically speaking, it's incredibly possible to end extreme poverty. We just need to deliver proven goods and services to everybody. If we have the will, every one of us has a role to play. Let's deploy our time, our careers, our collective wealth. Let us deliver an end to extreme poverty in this lifetime. Thank you.