商务英语电话沟通：高效开始与礼貌结束技巧

及物动词证实; [法]确认，批准; 使有效; 使巩固

1. 证实，证明(情况属实)
If something confirms what you believe, suspect, or fear, it shows that it is definitely true.

e.g. X-rays have confirmed that he has not broken any bones...
X光片证实他没有骨折。
e.g. These new statistics confirm our worst fears about the depth of the recession...
这些新的统计数据证实经济衰退已经严重到我们最为担忧的境地。

名词任命; 约会; 职务; 职位

1. 任命；委派；指派
The appointment of a person to a particular job is the choice of that person to do it.

e.g. His appointment to the Cabinet would please the right-wing.
他被任命为内阁成员会让右翼党派很高兴。
e.g. ...his appointment as foreign minister in 1985.
在1985年他被委任为外交部长

2. 职位；职务
An appointment is a job or position of responsibility.

e.g. Mr Fay is to take up an appointment as a researcher with the Royal Society.
费伊先生将担任皇家学会研究员的职务。

3. 约会；约定
If you have an appointment with someone, you have arranged to see them at a particular time, usually in connection with their work or for a serious purpose.

e.g. She has an appointment with her accountant...
她和她的会计约好了见面。
e.g. I made an appointment to see a specialist.
我约好去见一位专家。

4. 经过预约
If something can be done by appointment, people can arrange in advance to do it at a particular time.

e.g. Viewing is by appointment only.
参观须事先预约。

名词语法; 语法书; （学术的）基本原理; （人的）语言知识及运用能力

1. 语法;文法
Grammar is the ways that words can be put together in order to make sentences.

e.g. He doesn't have mastery of the basic rules of grammar.
他还没有掌握基本的语法规则。
e.g. ...the difference between Sanskrit and English grammar.
梵文语法与英文语法的区别

2. 文法；语言的运用
Someone's grammar is the way in which they obey or do not obey the rules of grammar when they write or speak.

e.g. His vocabulary was sound and his grammar excellent.
他的词汇丰富，语法也很精通。
e.g. ...a deterioration in spelling and grammar among teenagers.
青少年拼写能力和语法知识的下降

3. 语法书
A grammar is a book that describes the rules of a language.

e.g. ...an advanced English grammar.
高阶英语语法书

4. 语法理论；语法学
A particular grammar is a particular theory that is intended to explain the rules of a language.

e.g. Transformational grammars are more restrictive.
转换生成语法局限性更大。

名词介绍; 引言，导言; 采用，引进; 新采用的东西

1. 引言;序言;导论
The introduction to a book or talk is the part that comes at the beginning and tells you what the rest of the book or talk is about.

e.g. Ellen Malos, in her introduction to 'The Politics of Housework', provides a summary of the debates.
埃伦·马洛斯在她为《家务政治学》一书所作的序言中对这些争论进行了总结。

2. 入门书;初阶读物
If you refer to a book as an introduction to a particular subject, you mean that it explains the basic facts about that subject.

e.g. On balance, the book is a friendly, down-to-earth introduction to physics.
总而言之,这是一本通俗而务实的物理入门书。
e.g. ...'Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics'.
《心理学与语言：心理语言学入门》

3. 外来品;新引进的东西
You can refer to a new product as an introduction when it becomes available in a place for the first time.

e.g. There are two among their recent introductions that have greatly impressed me.
在他们最近引进的东西里面有两样给我留下了非常深刻的印象。

4. see also: introduce

5. 众所周知;无需介绍
If you say that someone or something needs no introduction, you mean that they are so well known that everyone knows who or what they are.

e.g. Michael Jackson, of course, needs no introduction.
迈克尔·杰克逊,当然,众所周知。

形容词有礼貌的; 有教养的，文雅的; 上流社会的; 应酬的，客套的

1. 有礼貌的；客气的；文雅的
Someone who is polite has good manners and behaves in a way that is socially correct and not rude to other people.

e.g. Everyone around him was trying to be polite, but you could tell they were all bored...
他周围的每一个人都极力表现出彬彬有礼的样子，但能够看出他们都感到厌烦。
e.g. It's not polite to point or talk about strangers in public...
在公共场合对陌生人指指点点或议论纷纷都不礼貌。

不及物动词专攻; 特化; 专门从事; 详细说明

及物动词使专门化; 使适应特殊情况; 详细说明; 列举

名词过渡，转变，变迁; [语]转换; [乐]变调

1. 转变;过渡;变革;变迁
Transition is the process in which something changes from one state to another.

e.g. The transition to a multi-party democracy is proving to be difficult.
事实证明，向多党民主制的转型非常艰难。
e.g. ...a period of transition.
过渡时期

2. (从某一状态或活动)转变，过渡(到另一状态或活动)
If someone transitions from one state or activity to another, they move gradually from one to the other.

e.g. Most of the discussion was on what needed to be done now as we transitioned from the security issues to the challenging economic issues...
随着我们由安全议题转向具有挑战性的经济议题，讨论最多的就是目前需要做些什么。
e.g. There was a significant decline in the size of the business as the company transitioned to an intellectual property company.
随着公司向知识产权公司转型，其业务规模显著下降。